19/08/2013

Direct, cultural and structural violence

Sciences, Society, sociology
Sciences, Society, sociology

The triangle of violence, defined by the Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung, identifies three types of violence and argues that the phenomenon has a similar structure to that of an iceberg, in which there is always a small visible part and a huge hidden part.

Direct violence is the tip of the iceberg and has as its main characteristic the fact that most of its effects are visible, mainly the materials, but not all of them: hate, psychological trauma or the emergence of concepts such as ‘enemy’ are equally serious effects, but they are often not seen as such. Being the most popular and obvious, it is commonly thought that direct is the worst kind of violence, which is not true for precisely this visibility, which makes it easier to identify and therefore to combat. It is important to note that this type of violence is the manifestation of something, not its origin, and is in the beginning where it should be sought causes and act more effectively. Direct violence does not affect many people as cultural and structural violence, which are the hidden part of the iceberg.

Cultural violence is a symbolic violence that is expressed in countless media —religion, ideology, language, art, science, media, education, etc— and serves to legitimize direct and structural violence and to inhibit or suppress the response of the victims. It even offers justifications for humans, unlike other species, to destroy each other and to be rewarded for doing so: it is not strange to accept violence in the name of country or religion. There is a culture of violence in which schools and other instruments of transmission and reproduction of culture show History as a succession of wars; it is usual to suppress conflicts by unquestioned parental authority, or authority of the male over the female; mass media sell armies use as the main way of solving international conflicts, etc. So life goes on in an atmosphere of constant violence, manifested daily in all areas and at all levels.

Structural violence is displayed when, as a result of social stratification processes, there is a damage in the satisfaction of basic human needs: survival, welfare, identity, freedom, etc. It is caused by a set of structures, both physical and organizational, which do not allow the satisfaction of those needs and is the worst of the three violence because it is the origin of all and kills and affects more people. It is also a form of indirect violence and sometimes even unintentional: the actions that cause hunger, for example, are not designed and made ​​directly for that purpose, but they are result from capitalist economic policy and the unfair distribution of wealth. This sometimes causes that the reasons of structural violence are not clearly visible and therefore it is more difficult to deal with it.

According to Galtung, often causes of direct violence are related to structural violence and justified by cultural violence: many situations are the result of an abuse of power which concerns an oppressed group, or a social injustice —insufficient resources sharing, great inequality in personal income, limited access to social services— and receive the backing of speeches justifying them.

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array(4) { [0]=> object(WP_Post)#1718 (24) { ["ID"]=> int(7296) ["post_author"]=> string(4) "2049" ["post_date"]=> string(19) "2019-12-18 21:30:42" ["post_date_gmt"]=> string(19) "2019-12-18 20:30:42" ["post_content"]=> string(2958) "'El futuro ha de ser, como dicen en Latinoamérica, del buen vivir' —Arcadi Oliveres es economista y profesor universitario de la Universitat Autònoma de Catalunya, participante activo en movimientos sociales desde su juventud y reconocido activista de Justícia i Pau, una organización por la promoción y defensa de los derechos humanos en todo el mundo y de la que desde 2001 es presidente. Conocido por su labor divulgativa en economía política, análisis de las corporaciones y propuestas para el consumir responsable y sostenible, es también especialista en las relaciones económicas norte-sur, deuda externa y precio justo. Gran crítico del sistema capitalista liberal contemporáneo, con su participación activa en el movimiento 15M —en su representación en la acampada de Plaza Catalunya en Barcelona en 2011— sus ideas y discurso se dieron a conocer aún más. Su condición de activista empieza con las luchas estudiantiles contra la dictadura de Franco en los 60 y se consolida con los movimientos antiglobalización y con su defensa de las teorías del decrecimiento. Participó también en la creación del Foro Social Mundial en Porto Alegre y del movimiento de los indignados 15M. Actualmente continúa con su actividad como docente en la UAB y como pensador y divulgador que transforma la economía en política, la política en sociedad y la sociedad en humanidad y justicia.'The future has to be, as they say in Latin America, the good life' —Arcadi Oliveres is a Catalan economist and UAB university professor and an active participant in social movements since his youth. Also is a recognized activist in Justice and Peace, an organization for the promotion and defense of human rights around the world. In this organitzation is the president since 2001. He is known for his divulgative work about political economy, corporate analysis and proposals for responsible and sustainable consumption. Also specializes in North-South relations in international economics, foreign debt and fair price. Great critic of contemporary liberal capitalist system, with its active participation in the 15M movement —in its representation in the camp of Plaça Catalunya in Barcelona 2011— his speech became more known. His activism began in his youth with the student movement against the dictatorship of Franco in the 60s, it was consolidated with the anti-globalization movements and their theoretical conceptualizations and defense theories of degrowth. He also participated in the creation of the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre and the Indignados movement (15M). Continues its activities as a teacher at UAB, and activist, thinker and promotor, we hope that his work will not cease, and leave us for many years, this light provided by this economist, where the economy is transformed into politics, politics into society, and society in humanity and justice." 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Doctor en sociología, está especializado en etnografía urbana. Con más de 15 años de experiencia en investigación cualitativa tanto en Nueva York como internacionalmente, es autor y coautor de de numerosos artículos y estudios. Su tesis doctoral consistió en un estudio comparativo titulado 'Sobreviviendo a la educación secundaria: explorando el impacto de la violencia y el crimen en la experiencia académica de inmigrantes y americanos'. En el Vera Institute of Justice, con el doctor Mercer Sullivan como mentor y una beca de Instituto Nacional de Justicia de Estados Unidos, investigó sobre la relación de las razas con la violencia adolescente, las bandas y la inmigración. En colaboración con el el criminólogo Rob Davis exploró la relación entre la policía y la comunidad y sus efectos en las denuncias civiles. En 2000 entró en el NDRI —National Disease Research Interchange— como investigador asociado en dos proyectos del NIH —National Institutes of Health— liderados por el Dr Samuel R. Friedman: 'Redes, normas y riesgo de SIDA en la juventud' y 'Factores sociales y riesgo de SIDA'. Ambos proyectos exploran las relaciones entre adictos, distribuidores, policía y otros actores de la comunidad, y cómo estas afectan a los resultados sobre salud y crimen. También ha sido investigador en un proyecto del NIDA —National Institute on Drug Abuse— cuyo objetivo es ayudar a los adictos a establecer estrategias para mantenerse alejados del SIDA y la hepatitis C; el proyecto contó además con una red de colaboradores en Londres, Sydney, Valencia y Vancouver. Actualmente, Pedro es investigador principal en un proyecto del NIDA que analiza el riesgo de SIDA y hepatitis C asociado al uso sin prescripción médica de opioides.'The future is a return to feudalism'. PhD in sociology, specialized in urban ethnography. With over 15 years experience in qualitative research both in New York City and internationally, he is first author and co-author of numerous peer reviewed publications and reports. His doctoral dissertation was a comparative study titled 'Street ethos: surviving High School that explored the impact of violence and crime on the academic experience of immigrants and American-born students'. At the Vera Institute of Justice, mentored by Dr Mercer Sullivan, he was the principal investigator of a National Institute of Justice grant that focused on race theory as it relates to adolescent violence, gangs and immigration. In collaboration with criminologist Rob Davis he explored the relationship between police and the community and its effect on civilian complaints. In 2000, he joined NDRI —National Disease Research Interchange— as a principal research associate for two NIH —National Institutes of Health— projects led by Samuel R. Friedman, PhD: 'Networks, norms and HIV risk among youth' and 'Social factors and HIV risk'. Both projects explored interactions among drug users, dealers, police and other community actors and how they relate to various health and crime outcomes. He was also principal investigator on a NIDA —National Institute on Drug Abuse— developmental project aimed at training injector drug users in strategies to avoid HIV and HCV infections, 'Staying safe: training IDUs in strategies to avoid HIV and HCV'. A consortium of researchers in London, Sydney, Valencia, and Vancouver collaborated in parallel 'Staying safe' studies. He is currently principal investigator on an NIDA funded R01 that explores HIV, HCV and STI risk associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids." 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‘Mi trabajo en realidad consiste en humanizar políticos’

—Oscar Camps es socorrista, empresario y activista, conocido por ser el fundador y director de la ONG badalonesa Proactiva Open Arms. Era propietario de una empresa de salvamento en Badalona, al lado de Barcelona, llamada Proactiva Aquatic Services, que se dedicaba a los servicios marítimos, principalmente seguridad acuática y socorrismo.
En el contexto de la crisis de los refugiados y la Guerra Civil Siria, cuando miles de personas perdieron la vida tratando de llegar a Europa, Camps decidió trasladarse a Lesbos, una isla griega ubicada cerca de Turquía, para evaluar la situación sobre el terreno.
La clave que lo empujó a ponerse en movimiento fue la publicación de las imágenes del cadáver de Aylan Kurdi, un niño de tres años que se había ahogado al intentar realizar el viaje con su familia. Como la empresa tenía mucha experiencia en vigilancia de playas, él y algunos colegas decidieron aplicar sus conocimientos sobre salvar vidas para ayudar a rescatar a los refugiados que intentaban llegar a la Unión Europea a través del mar Egeo. En septiembre de 2015 decidió fundar la ONG Proactiva Open Arms.
Medios de comunicación de toda Europa informaron sobre la actividad de la ONG en Lesbos, y como resultado Camps visitó el Parlamento Europeo para hablar en nombre de los refugiados.
Fue nombrado Europeo del Año 2019 por la revista estadounidense Reader's Digest en reconocimiento a su 'gran labor humanitaria, habiendo rescatado a más de 59.000 migrantes desesperados de las aguas del Egeo y el Mediterráneo en tres años y medio'.

‘My work is actually about humanizing politicians’

—Oscar Camps is a lifeguard, businessman and activist, best known for being the founder and director of the Badalonese NGO Proactiva Open Arms. He was the owner of a lifeguard company established in Badalona, ​​near Barcelona, in Spain, called Proactiva Aquatic Services, which was dedicated to maritime services, mainly aquatic safety and lifeguards.
In the context of the refugee crisis and the Syrian Civil War, when thousands of people lost their lives trying to reach Europe, Camps decided to go to Lesbos, a Greek island located near Turkey, to assess the situation on the land.
The key event that motivated him to get moving was the publication of the images of the corpse of Aylan Kurdi, a three-year-old boy who had drowned trying to make the journey with his family. As the company had a lot of experience in beach surveillance, he and a few colleagues decided to apply their life-saving knowledge to help rescue refugees trying to reach the European Union via the Aegean Sea. In September 2015, he decided to found the NGO Proactiva Open Arms.
Media from all over Europe reported on the NGO's activity on Lesbos, as a result of which Camps came to visit the European Parliament to speak on behalf of the refugees.
He was named European of the Year 2019 by the American magazine Reader's Digest in recognition of his 'great humanitarian work, having rescued more than 59,000 desperate migrants from the waters of the Aegean and the Mediterranean in three and a half years'.

.

" ["post_title"]=> string(109) "WHAT ABOUT: El trabajo por Oscar CampsWHAT ABOUT: The work by Oscar Camps" ["post_excerpt"]=> string(0) "" ["post_status"]=> string(7) "publish" ["comment_status"]=> string(4) "open" ["ping_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["post_password"]=> string(0) "" ["post_name"]=> string(34) "what-about-the-work-by-oscar-camps" ["to_ping"]=> string(0) "" ["pinged"]=> string(0) "" ["post_modified"]=> string(19) "2021-11-23 20:01:38" ["post_modified_gmt"]=> string(19) "2021-11-23 19:01:38" ["post_content_filtered"]=> string(0) "" ["post_parent"]=> int(0) ["guid"]=> string(32) "http://whatamagazine.com/?p=9944" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["post_type"]=> string(4) "post" ["post_mime_type"]=> string(0) "" ["comment_count"]=> string(1) "0" ["filter"]=> string(3) "raw" } [3]=> object(WP_Post)#1846 (24) { ["ID"]=> int(8306) ["post_author"]=> string(4) "2055" ["post_date"]=> string(19) "2020-04-29 20:22:49" ["post_date_gmt"]=> string(19) "2020-04-29 18:22:49" ["post_content"]=> string(5429) "Estos días de confinamiento y prudencia están demostrando que es suficiente con que las panaderías abran solamente de nueve a una. Cuatro horas que proveen al personal de su ración diaria de pan, que les permiten facturar prácticamente lo mismo y dedicar el resto del día a descansar, instruirse o fornicar. Actividades todas aparentemente saludables, especialmente si se encuentra un buen equilibrio entre ellas. W_pan
El pan es un alimento básico que forma parte de la dieta tradicional en Europa, Oriente Medio, India, América y Oceanía. Se prepara mediante el horneado de una masa elaborada fundamentalmente con harina de cereales, agua y sal — Imagen Unknown Author
En un futuro se trabajarán cuatro horas diarias en vez de ocho. Es muy posible que llegue un momento en el que a alguien se le ocurra abrir una panadería que a su vez abra ocho horas, por si existe algún otro alguien que prefiera comprar pan a deshoras. Pero esa panadería no tendrá clientela, porque a esas alturas todo el mundo tendrá incrustado en lo más profundo de su cerebelo que trabajar ocho horas es una barbaridad, porque en nombre de la libertad —de horario, en este caso— se impide a todo un sector que cumple perfectamente su función social —el panadero— llevar una vida variada y saludable en la que además de trabajar puedan pasear, aburrirse o disfrutar. Esas cuatro horas terminarán llevando la felicidad a la industria del pan, que se extenderá por toda la sociedad como un reguero de pólvora —o se expandirá como un montón de levadura—. Al trabajarse media jornada lo podrá hacer el doble de gente y así, además de ingresos para pan, techo e impuestos, la inmensa mayoría de las personas tendrá tiempo para investigar, amarse o vaguear. Vivir con una marcha menos. O dos. Sin prisa. Al gusto. Es muy posible también que el futuro sea absolutamente diferente y el planeta se convierta en un amasijo bladerunneresco lleno de humedad, anuncios gigantes, androides buscavidas, comida oriental y muchísimas panaderías abiertas 24 horas. Quizá ese plan tenga también su gracia, al fin y al cabo ‘Blade Runner’ es una película de mucho éxito y es natural suponer que lo que suceda mañana dependerá del desempeño de las personas de hoy, de la ingente cantidad de microfuturos que provocan constantemente con sus decisiones: qué películas ven, cuánto compran, cómo viajan. A qué dedican sus horas.These days of confinement and prudence are proving that it is enough for bakeries to open from nine to one. Four hours that provide people their daily bread, and allow the bakers to bill almost the same and spend the rest of the day resting, learning or fornicating. All apparently healthy activities, especially if a good balance is found between them. W_pan
Bread is a staple food that is part of the traditional diet in Europe, the Middle East, India, America and Oceania. It is prepared by baking a dough made mainly with cereal flour, water and salt — Image Unknown Author
In the future, we will work four hours a day instead of eight. It is very possible that there will come a time when someone think of opening a bakery that it will be open eight hours, in case there is someone else who prefers to buy bread after hours. But that bakery will not have many clients, because by then everyone will have embedded in the deepest part of their brain that working eight hours is too much, because in the name of freedom —of schedule, in this case— is forbidden for an entire sector that perfectly fulfills its social function —the baker— to lead a varied and healthy life in which, in addition to working, they can walk, get bored or enjoy themselves. Those four hours will end bringing happiness to the bread industry, which will spread throughout society like wildfire. By working part-time, twice as many people could do it, and so, in addition to income for bread, accommodation and taxes, most of people will have time to research, love each other or do nothing. To live slower. No hurry. As they want. It is also quite possible that the future is absolutely different and the planet becomes in something similar to Blade Runner, full of moisture, giant ads, hustling androids, oriental food and many bakeries open 24 hours. Perhaps that plan is also ok, after all Blade Runner is a very successful film and it is natural to suppose that what happens tomorrow will depend on the performance of the people of today, on the enormous amount of microfutures that they constantly provoke with their decisions: what movies they see, how much they buy, how they travel, what they spend their hours on." ["post_title"]=> string(70) "Pan para mañanaBread for tomorrow" ["post_excerpt"]=> string(0) "" ["post_status"]=> string(7) "publish" ["comment_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["ping_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["post_password"]=> string(0) "" ["post_name"]=> string(18) "bread-for-tomorrow" ["to_ping"]=> string(0) "" ["pinged"]=> string(0) "" ["post_modified"]=> string(19) "2021-03-15 00:00:38" ["post_modified_gmt"]=> string(19) "2021-03-14 23:00:38" ["post_content_filtered"]=> string(0) "" ["post_parent"]=> int(0) ["guid"]=> string(29) "http://whatonline.org/?p=8306" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["post_type"]=> string(4) "post" ["post_mime_type"]=> string(0) "" ["comment_count"]=> string(1) "0" ["filter"]=> string(3) "raw" } }