19/08/2013

Direct, cultural and structural violence

Sciences, Society, sociology
Sciences, Society, sociology

The triangle of violence, defined by the Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung, identifies three types of violence and argues that the phenomenon has a similar structure to that of an iceberg, in which there is always a small visible part and a huge hidden part.

Direct violence is the tip of the iceberg and has as its main characteristic the fact that most of its effects are visible, mainly the materials, but not all of them: hate, psychological trauma or the emergence of concepts such as ‘enemy’ are equally serious effects, but they are often not seen as such. Being the most popular and obvious, it is commonly thought that direct is the worst kind of violence, which is not true for precisely this visibility, which makes it easier to identify and therefore to combat. It is important to note that this type of violence is the manifestation of something, not its origin, and is in the beginning where it should be sought causes and act more effectively. Direct violence does not affect many people as cultural and structural violence, which are the hidden part of the iceberg.

Cultural violence is a symbolic violence that is expressed in countless media —religion, ideology, language, art, science, media, education, etc— and serves to legitimize direct and structural violence and to inhibit or suppress the response of the victims. It even offers justifications for humans, unlike other species, to destroy each other and to be rewarded for doing so: it is not strange to accept violence in the name of country or religion. There is a culture of violence in which schools and other instruments of transmission and reproduction of culture show History as a succession of wars; it is usual to suppress conflicts by unquestioned parental authority, or authority of the male over the female; mass media sell armies use as the main way of solving international conflicts, etc. So life goes on in an atmosphere of constant violence, manifested daily in all areas and at all levels.

Structural violence is displayed when, as a result of social stratification processes, there is a damage in the satisfaction of basic human needs: survival, welfare, identity, freedom, etc. It is caused by a set of structures, both physical and organizational, which do not allow the satisfaction of those needs and is the worst of the three violence because it is the origin of all and kills and affects more people. It is also a form of indirect violence and sometimes even unintentional: the actions that cause hunger, for example, are not designed and made ​​directly for that purpose, but they are result from capitalist economic policy and the unfair distribution of wealth. This sometimes causes that the reasons of structural violence are not clearly visible and therefore it is more difficult to deal with it.

According to Galtung, often causes of direct violence are related to structural violence and justified by cultural violence: many situations are the result of an abuse of power which concerns an oppressed group, or a social injustice —insufficient resources sharing, great inequality in personal income, limited access to social services— and receive the backing of speeches justifying them.

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‘Mi trabajo en realidad consiste en humanizar políticos’

—Oscar Camps es socorrista, empresario y activista, conocido por ser el fundador y director de la ONG badalonesa Proactiva Open Arms. Era propietario de una empresa de salvamento en Badalona, al lado de Barcelona, llamada Proactiva Aquatic Services, que se dedicaba a los servicios marítimos, principalmente seguridad acuática y socorrismo.
En el contexto de la crisis de los refugiados y la Guerra Civil Siria, cuando miles de personas perdieron la vida tratando de llegar a Europa, Camps decidió trasladarse a Lesbos, una isla griega ubicada cerca de Turquía, para evaluar la situación sobre el terreno.
La clave que lo empujó a ponerse en movimiento fue la publicación de las imágenes del cadáver de Aylan Kurdi, un niño de tres años que se había ahogado al intentar realizar el viaje con su familia. Como la empresa tenía mucha experiencia en vigilancia de playas, él y algunos colegas decidieron aplicar sus conocimientos sobre salvar vidas para ayudar a rescatar a los refugiados que intentaban llegar a la Unión Europea a través del mar Egeo. En septiembre de 2015 decidió fundar la ONG Proactiva Open Arms.
Medios de comunicación de toda Europa informaron sobre la actividad de la ONG en Lesbos, y como resultado Camps visitó el Parlamento Europeo para hablar en nombre de los refugiados.
Fue nombrado Europeo del Año 2019 por la revista estadounidense Reader's Digest en reconocimiento a su 'gran labor humanitaria, habiendo rescatado a más de 59.000 migrantes desesperados de las aguas del Egeo y el Mediterráneo en tres años y medio'.

‘My work is actually about humanizing politicians’

—Oscar Camps is a lifeguard, businessman and activist, best known for being the founder and director of the Badalonese NGO Proactiva Open Arms. He was the owner of a lifeguard company established in Badalona, ​​near Barcelona, in Spain, called Proactiva Aquatic Services, which was dedicated to maritime services, mainly aquatic safety and lifeguards.
In the context of the refugee crisis and the Syrian Civil War, when thousands of people lost their lives trying to reach Europe, Camps decided to go to Lesbos, a Greek island located near Turkey, to assess the situation on the land.
The key event that motivated him to get moving was the publication of the images of the corpse of Aylan Kurdi, a three-year-old boy who had drowned trying to make the journey with his family. As the company had a lot of experience in beach surveillance, he and a few colleagues decided to apply their life-saving knowledge to help rescue refugees trying to reach the European Union via the Aegean Sea. In September 2015, he decided to found the NGO Proactiva Open Arms.
Media from all over Europe reported on the NGO's activity on Lesbos, as a result of which Camps came to visit the European Parliament to speak on behalf of the refugees.
He was named European of the Year 2019 by the American magazine Reader's Digest in recognition of his 'great humanitarian work, having rescued more than 59,000 desperate migrants from the waters of the Aegean and the Mediterranean in three and a half years'.

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Albañil y militante anarquista nacido en Navarra, huyó a Francia en 1954 después de desertar del servicio militar. Debido a su actividad clandestina en pro de grupos de extrema izquierda internacionales es considerado como una especie de Robin Hood, aunque en palabras de Albert Boadella 'Lucio es un Quijote que no luchó contra molinos de viento, sino contra gigantes de verdad'. Amigo de André Breton y Albert Camus, a lo largo de su vida ha participado en un gran número de actos contra el sistema capitalista que supusieron que se dictaran en su contra cinco órdenes internacionales de busca y captura, incluida una de la CIA. Destacan la proposición al Che Guevara para falsificar masivamente dólares americanos —finalmente rechazada—, la participación en la preparación del secuestro del nazi Klaus Barbie en Bolivia, la colaboración en la fuga del líder de los Panteras Negras, la intercesión en el secuestro de Javier Rupérez o su colaboración en la fuga de prisión de Albert Boadella, que se encontraba en espera de un juicio por un delito de injurias al ejército. Además simpatizó con los Grupos Autónomos de Combate-Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación y con los posteriores Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista —GARI—, manteniendo una especial relación con uno de los miembros más destacados de estos últimos, el francés Jean-Marc Rouillan. Siempre ha defendido el trabajo: 'Somos albañiles, pintores, electricistas, no necesitamos el Estado para nada'. Actualmente sigue participando en la difusión de las ideas anarquistas y continúa viviendo en París de su trabajo de albañil, en una casa con las puertas abiertas.'I know from experience that the more you give, the more you receive'. Mason and militant anarchist born in Navarra, he fled to France in 1954 after defecting from military service. Due to its clandestine activities towards international left-wing groups is considered as a kind of Robin Hood, but in the words of Albert Boadella 'Lucio is a Quijote that did not fight windmills, but against real giants'. Friend of André Breton and Albert Camus, throughout his life has been involved in numerous acts against the Capitalist system which supposed five international search orders, including one of the CIA. Highlights include the proposal to Che Guevara to fake massively American dollars —finally rejected—, the participation in the preparation of the kidnapping of nazi Klaus Barbie in Bolivia, the collaboration in the escape of the leader of the Black Panthers, the intercession on the kidnapping of Javier Rupérez or his help in Albert Boadella's jailbreak, who was awaiting trial for a crime of insulting the Army. He also sympathized with the Autonomous Combat Groups Iberian Liberation Movement and post-Revolutionary Internationalist Action Groups —GARI—, maintaining a special relationship with one of the most prominent members of the latter, the French Jean-Marc Rouillan. He has always defended work: 'We are masons, painters, electricians, we need the state for nothing'. Currently he is still involved in spreading anarchist ideas and continues living in Paris in a house with open doors." ["post_title"]=> string(114) "WHAT ABOUT: El futuro por Lucio UrtubiaWHAT ABOUT: The future by Lucio Urtubia" ["post_excerpt"]=> string(0) "" ["post_status"]=> string(7) "publish" ["comment_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["ping_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["post_password"]=> string(0) "" ["post_name"]=> string(38) "what-about-the-future-by-lucio-urtubia" ["to_ping"]=> string(0) "" ["pinged"]=> string(0) "" ["post_modified"]=> string(19) "2021-05-05 14:58:06" ["post_modified_gmt"]=> string(19) "2021-05-05 12:58:06" ["post_content_filtered"]=> string(0) "" ["post_parent"]=> int(0) ["guid"]=> string(29) "http://whatonline.org/?p=5865" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["post_type"]=> string(4) "post" ["post_mime_type"]=> string(0) "" ["comment_count"]=> string(1) "0" ["filter"]=> string(3) "raw" } [2]=> object(WP_Post)#1673 (24) { ["ID"]=> int(7035) ["post_author"]=> string(4) "2046" ["post_date"]=> string(19) "2014-09-08 00:01:22" ["post_date_gmt"]=> string(19) "2014-09-07 22:01:22" ["post_content"]=> string(8371) "El paternalismo de Estado está llegando a su fin. La consigna institucional de ‘protección a los buenos ciudadanos’ está perdiendo credibilidad en todas sus formas de persuasión. No ha sido capaz de protegernos de las estafas mundiales orquestadas por la banca ni de los abusos de las multinacionales para obtener ventajas frente a los pequeños empresarios. Por el contrario, los casos crecientes y extendidos de corrupción en el seno de los mandatarios hacen pensar cada día más que es de ellos de quien debemos protegernos y a quienes debemos enfrentarnos. El Estado hoy es un ente con intereses propios que trata al ciudadano como un cliente al que debe satisfacer mínimamente para proseguir existiendo en su poder. Los partidos compiten entre ellos para sus propios intereses. En este delicado intercambio con el pueblo, satisfacen unas necesidades ociosas, económicas y de identidad, para no perder los privilegios que se han agenciado. Hoy ya no escandalizan estos comentarios. El bienestar, la palabra mágica para comprar el alma de los ciudadanos, es la moneda de cambio. Pero la propia dinámica social está socavando esta pretendida seguridad que el Estado avala con su sello para el ‘buen ciudadano’. Uno de los signos de esta revolución social son las nuevas formas de organización ciudadana que van surgiendo. Lo lamento por aquellos devotos ciudadanos insertos en el sistema de control orquestado por las instituciones oficiales, pero hay que caminar a favor de la sostenibilidad y el aprovechamiento los recursos naturales. Compartir es el nuevo paradigma de la economía colaborativa, que las nuevas tecnologías están dejando aflorar. Es necesario reconsiderar el papel intrusivo del Estado, escondido bajo esta falsa seguridad al ciudadano. No es menos sorprendente el nivel de fiabilidad que subsiste en estos nuevos tipos de intercambio social. Si hubiera habido muchos casos de fraude ya nos lo hubieran hecho saber por sus informativos. W_elfindelpaternalismo
Internet ha supuesto una revolución muy rápida a muchos niveles, y a menudo los gobernantes se ven atropellados por acontecimientos que todavía no cuentan con una legislación clara —Imagen Unknown Author
En mi barrio, so pretexto de barullo para el vecindario, no se dan licencias para apartamentos turísticos. El incivismo de algunos y la incapacidad del ayuntamiento para gestionarlo no deberían saldarse con una normativa que capa la libertad de los ciudadanos para compartir su vivienda o cederla a cambio de unos ingresos. Comprendo que el trust bancos-estado-grandes empresas esté atemorizado ante la amenaza de esta economía que tiende hacia la sostenibilidad; tal vez en números enteros signifique un decrecimiento, pero en calidad medioambiental no dudo que significará un significativo crecimiento. No es ningún secreto la presión de los hoteleros para erradicar de los barrios en lo posible este tipo de transacciones. El que alquila una habitación, está optimizando el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales y el esfuerzo humano para construir su piso. El que comparte un viaje en coche optimiza el aprovechamiento del carburante que emplearía igualmente viajando solo, o quien alquila su piso se desplaza a otro piso más pequeño o lo comparte con otros. De este modo visto en conjunto, con menos recursos naturales y menos agentes contaminantes, puede preservarse mucho del consumo necesario. Es más sostenible y créanme, esto se siente en el espíritu de las personas que participan de estos nuevos modelos. Estoy de acuerdo, hay que crear nuevas regulaciones adecuadas para proteger al ciudadano de abusos y de posibles infractores en este nuevo tipo de organización social. Hay que minimizar los perjuicios y fiscalizar las nuevas formas de economía. Considero que este debería ser el papel de las instituciones en su misión esencial de optimizar la convivencia de los ciudadanos. Compartir automóviles, rentabilizar los pisos y cuantas formas surjan para mejorar la sostenibilidad son un adelanto para la supervivencia humana en este planeta.The paternalism of State is coming to an end. The corporate slogan of 'protecting the good citizens' is losing credibility in all forms of persuasion. He has not been able to protect us from global banking scams orchestrated or abuses of multinationals to gain advantage over small businesses. On the contrary, the growing and widespread corruption within the leaders cases suggest, reality shows us that we need protect ourselves from them, and is of them to those we must need to face. Today, the State is an entity with its own interests which treats the citizen as a customer, the State must minimally meet to continue to exist in its power. The parties compete with each other for their own interests. In this delicate exchange with people, the State meets the our needs of leisure, economics and identity, to thereby keep their own privileges acquired. Comments like these, nowadays no longer scandalize anyone. Welfare, the magic word to buy the soul of citizens, is the currency. But the social dynamics itself is undermining this false security that the State guarantees his seal to the 'good citizen'. One sign of this social revolution are the new forms of civic organization emerging. I feel sorry for those devotees citizens inserts in control system orchestrated by official institutions, but we need to walk in favor of sustainability and use of natural resources. Sharing is the new paradigm of collaborative economy that new technologies are letting emerge. It is necessary to reconsider the intrusive role of the State, hidden under the false security to citizens. No less surprising is the level of confidence that exists in these new types of social exchange. If there had been many cases of fraud, we would know  the situation, through its information and news. W_elfindelpaternalismo
The Internet has meant a very rapid revolution at many levels, and governors and rulers are often run over by events that do not have a clear legislation yet —Image Unknown Author
In my neighborhood pretext of a big din, does not  licenses are given to rent or share apartments. The incivility of some and the inability of the council to manage it, should not be paid with a rules that restrict the freedom of citizens to share their property or transfer it to  income change. I understand that the trust banks-been-great companies are frightened by the threat of this economy that tends towards sustainability; in integers numbers perhaps mean a economic decrease, but  in the environmental quality, without no doubt, this way of economy it will mean significate growth. It's no secret pressure from hoteliers to eradicate possible in the neighborhoods such transactions. Anyone who rents a room, is optimizing the use of natural resources and human effort to build your floor. Anyone who shares a travel in a car optimizes the use of fuel that also employ traveling alone, or who rents his apartment and moves to a smaller or share it with other floor. Thus viewed together, with fewer resources and less pollutants can be preserved much consumption. It is more sustainable and believe me, this feels in the spirit of the people who participate in these new models. I agree, create new laws and rules adequate to protect citizens from abuse and potential offenders in this new type of social organization . You have to minimize the damage and monitor new forms of economy. I believe this should be the role of institutions on its core mission of optimizing the coexistence of citizens. Share the automobiles, share the apartments, and any ways to improve the sustainability are arising, and this fact is an advance for human survival on this planet." ["post_title"]=> string(98) "El fin del paternalismo del EstadoThe end of State paternalism" ["post_excerpt"]=> string(0) "" ["post_status"]=> string(7) "publish" ["comment_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["ping_status"]=> string(6) "closed" ["post_password"]=> string(0) "" ["post_name"]=> string(28) "the-end-of-state-paternalism" ["to_ping"]=> string(0) "" ["pinged"]=> string(0) "" ["post_modified"]=> string(19) "2020-02-18 23:54:49" ["post_modified_gmt"]=> string(19) "2020-02-18 22:54:49" ["post_content_filtered"]=> string(0) "" ["post_parent"]=> int(0) ["guid"]=> string(29) "http://whatonline.org/?p=7035" ["menu_order"]=> int(0) ["post_type"]=> string(4) "post" ["post_mime_type"]=> string(0) "" ["comment_count"]=> string(1) "0" ["filter"]=> string(3) "raw" } [3]=> object(WP_Post)#1798 (24) { ["ID"]=> int(2607) ["post_author"]=> string(4) "2049" ["post_date"]=> string(19) "2012-06-18 00:02:07" ["post_date_gmt"]=> string(19) "2012-06-17 22:02:07" ["post_content"]=> string(2738) "El trabajo de José Carlos Meirelles consiste en documentar la existencia de tribus aisladas en la Amazonia y protegerlas del contacto con los no-indígenas. El avance de la explotación económica en la frontera entre Brasil y Perú, especialmente la maderera y la petrolera, amenaza con destruir esa zona de la selva, provocando el genocidio de las comunidades que viven en ella. De 'los últimos humanos libres', como le gusta decir a José Carlos. El genocidio es un delito tipificado en el derecho internacional. Tanto la Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio de 1948 como el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional de 1998 recogen una idéntica definición: Se entenderá por genocidio cualquiera de los actos mencionados a continuación, perpetrados con la intención de destruir total o parcialmente a un grupo nacional, étnico, racial o religioso como tal: 1 —Matanza de miembros del grupo. 2 —Lesión grave a la integridad física o mental de los miembros del grupo. 3 —Sometimiento intencional del grupo a condiciones de existencia que hayan de acarrear su destrucción física, total o parcial. 4 —Medidas destinadas a impedir nacimientos en el seno del grupo. 5 —Traslado por la fuerza de niños del grupo a otro grupo.The work of Jose Carlos Meirelles is to document the existence of uncontacted tribes in the Amazon and protect them from contact with non-Indians. The advance of economic exploitation in the border between Brazil and Peru, especially timber and oil that threatens to destroy the forest area, causing the genocide of the communities living in it, or 'the last free humans', likes to say Jose Carlos. Genocide is a crime under international law. Both the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998 contained an identical definition: Be considered genocide either following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such: 1 —Killing members of the group. 2 —Causing serious integrity physical or mental harm to members of the group. 3 —Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part. 4 —Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group. 5 —Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group." 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